Presence of HPV in Mouthwash Sample May Predict Oral Cancer Risk

According to results from a new study, individuals with detectable human papillomavirus (HPV)-16 in their mouthwash samples were more likely to develop oropharyngeal cancer than those without the virus. The likelihood of developing oropharyngeal cancer was 22 times higher.

Researchers from Albert Einstein College of Medicine also reported that the presence of other HPVs, usually on the skin, is linked to an increased risk of developing head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC).

The research, published in JAMA Oncology and led by Led by Ilir Agalliu, is based on a nested case-control study with 96,650 participants who did not have cancer at baseline. The patients participated in the American Cancer Society Cancer Prevention Study II Nutrition Cohort and the Prostate, Lung, Colorectal, and Ovarian Cancer Screening Trial and were monitored for nearly four years.

A total of 132 participants (103 men and 29 women) developed HNSCC during the follow-up period, and detection of oral HPV-16 resulted in a positive association for oropharyngeal squamous cell carcinoma.

HPV-16 is a well-known cause of head and neck cancers, and in a companion editorial to the study, authors Dana L. Rollison, Moffitt Cancer Center, and Maura E. Gillison, Ohio State University, noted that this study is the first to demonstrate conclusively that the presence of oral HPV-16 precedes the development of oropharyngeal cancers.

“These data are remarkably consistent with risk estimates from numerous case-controls studies. However, the study by Agalliu et al contributes to the existing body of evidence by supporting a temporal association between HPV exposure and HNSCC,” the authors explained. “By linking oral HPV detection directly to HNSCC risk, the Agalliu data have important implications for the use of oral HPV detection for [oropharyngeal cancer] screening.”

The study also found that oral beta- and gamma-HPVs — usually detected in the skin — were associated with the development of head and neck cancers.

Detection of β1-HPV-5 type was associated with oropharyngeal cancer, oral cavity, and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas. The γ11- and γ12-HPV species were associated with both oral cavity and laryngeal squamous cell carcinomas.

The study authors noted that these added associations indicate a broader role for strains of HPV in causing head and neck cancers.

Rollison and Gillison also pointed out in their editorial that previous studies have shown types of β-HPV infection to be a risk factor for cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC). Although the epidemiological data are limited, the findings suggest an interaction between β-HPV infection and UV exposure that may modify the risk of developing cSCC. Furthermore, they noted that other factors such as tobacco smoking and genetics may increase incidence of HNSCC among people with oral HPV types.

The study was limited by the small size, which the authors said reflects the rarity of HNSCC, but further research may help determine if simple oral tests can indicate risk of potentially developing head and neck cancers:

“The use of easily collected oral mouthwash samples can provide a prospective marker for risk of HNSCC and oropharyngeal SCC.”

Agalliu I, Gapstur S, Chen Z, et al. Associations of oral α-, β-, and γ-human papillomavirus types with risk of incident head and neck cancer [published online before print January 21, 2016]. JAMA Oncol.

Rollison DE, Gillison ML. The alpha, beta, gammas of orabl human papillomavirus infection and head and neck cancer risk [published online January 21, 2016]. JAMA Oncol.